Bielorússia: Visió econòmica i política
The Belarusian economy is both largely state-owned (more than 70% of GDP is generated by public or parastatal enterprises) and very open to international trade, which accounts for 120.7% of GDP (World Bank, latest data available). The main products exported by Belarus are petroleum oils other than crude (9.4%), mineral or chemical potassium fertilizers (8.3%), cheese and curd (3.6%), and motor vehicles for the transport of goods (2.1%). The country’s imports are led by petroleum oils (11.9%), petroleum gas (7.7%), motorized vehicles for the transport of passengers (2.8%), and medicaments (1.7%).
Belarus’ main trading partners in 2020 were the Russian Federation (44.6%), Ukraine (10.8%), Poland (4.3%), Lithuania (3.5%), and Germany (3.1%); whereas imports arrived chiefly from Russia (49.6%), China (11.1%) Germany (5.1%), Ukraine (4.2%), and Poland (3.8%). As a legacy of the Soviet era, during which Belarus was the workshop of the USSR, the Russian and Belarusian production structures remained very complementary. As a result, the Belarusian economy is still strongly concentrated on the Russian market, both as a natural outlet and as its main supplier. Recently, trade ties with China have strengthened, as Beijing is looking for partners for its New Silk Road project; whereas the European Union, Belarus' second-largest trading partner, announced that it would not ratify the bilateral partnership and cooperation agreement with the country due to “Belarus' lack of commitment to democracy and political and civil rights”.
The country’s balance of trade has been fluctuating in recent years. In 2020, Belarus exported USD 29 billion worth of goods (-12% y-o-y) and USD 8.7 billion of commercial services (-8.8%), importing USD 32.6 billion (-17.4% y-o-y) and USD 4.9 billion (-15.6%), respectively (data by WTO). According to figures from the World Bank, Belarus registered a trade surplus of 3.1% of GDP in 2020 (from a deficit of 0.6% one year earlier), thanks to the sharp drop in imports. According to preliminary figures from Belstat, in the period January – November 2021 the turnover of foreign trade in goods totalled USD 73.4 billion (+32.8% y-o-y), of which exports accounted for USD 36.1 billion (+38%) and imports for USD 37.3 billion (+28.2%).
Foreign Trade Values | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
Imports of Goods (million USD) | 34,235 | 38,440 | 39,480 | 32,601 | 41,387 |
Exports of Goods (million USD) | 29,240 | 33,907 | 32,960 | 29,034 | 39,762 |
Imports of Services (million USD) | 4,772 | 5,399 | 5,842 | 4,927 | 5,672 |
Exports of Services (million USD) | 7,818 | 8,817 | 9,624 | 8,775 | 10,234 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Indicators | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 133.4 | 139.4 | 130.9 | 118.9 | 138.7 |
Trade Balance (million USD) | -2,979 | -2,503 | -4,193 | -1,993 | -667 |
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | 100 | 929 | -403 | 1,948 | 3,966 |
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 11.1 | 25.3 | -3.3 | -12.5 | 17.7 |
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 7.5 | 12.9 | -6.3 | -6.9 | 20.9 |
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 66.6 | 68.9 | 65.8 | 57.9 | 66.6 |
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 66.8 | 70.5 | 65.1 | 61.0 | 72.1 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2022 | 2023 (e) | 2024 (e) | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | -6.9 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | -1.3 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2021 |
Russia | 35.0% |
Poland | 4.0% |
Ukraine | 3.0% |
Lithuania | 3.0% |
Germany | 2.0% |
Kazakhstan | 1.9% |
China | 1.4% |
Latvia | 1.2% |
Netherlands | 0.7% |
Uzbekistan | 0.5% |
Azerbaijan | 0.4% |
United States | 0.4% |
Czech Republic | 0.4% |
United Kingdom | 0.4% |
Estonia | 0.3% |
Italy | 0.3% |
Moldova | 0.3% |
Belgium | 0.3% |
Norway | 0.3% |
Romania | 0.3% |
See More Countries | 53.0% |
Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2021 |
Russia | 28.6% |
China | 8.1% |
Germany | 3.6% |
Ukraine | 3.4% |
Poland | 2.5% |
Italy | 1.7% |
Türkiye | 1.6% |
United States | 1.0% |
France | 0.8% |
Switzerland | 0.7% |
Sweden | 0.6% |
Spain | 0.6% |
Lithuania | 0.6% |
Netherlands | 0.5% |
United Kingdom | 0.5% |
Czech Republic | 0.4% |
Norway | 0.4% |
Austria | 0.4% |
Belgium | 0.4% |
India | 0.4% |
See More Countries | 53.7% |
Source: Comtrade, 2022. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2022. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
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Actualitzacions: January 2023
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