Grècia: Visió econòmica i política
Greece has an export-oriented economy, with trade representing 108% of GDP (World Bank, latest data available). According to data from the Hellenic Statistical Authority, fuel had the largest share of exports for 2022 (36.8%), followed by industrial products, mainly raw materials (14.8%), food and live animals (12.7%) and chemicals (11.0%). As per imports, fuel was the main item (34.9%), ahead of transport machinery and equipment (16.8%), and chemicals (13.2%).
In 2022, over half of Greece's exports (55.1% of the total) were directed to EU member-states, underscoring the ongoing significance of the EU as a crucial destination for Greek products. The main trading partners were Italy (10.4%), Bulgaria (7.9%), Germany (6.5%), Cyprus (5.9%), and Turkey (4.6%). Concerning imports, Russia was the main trading partner (10%), followed by Germany (9.2%), China (8.5%), Iraq (7.3%), and Italy (6.8%). Overall, the EU accounted for 51.2% of total imports (Hellenic Statistical Authority).
Data by WTO shows that in 2022 exports of goods reached USD 57.4 billion, marking a 21.5% increase year-on-year; whereas imports stood at EUR 97.7 billion (+26.7% y-o-y). As per services, exports totalled USD 50.1 billion against USD 29.6 billion of imports (+20.8% and +12.7% year-on-year, respectively). The World Bank estimated the country’s trade deficit at 9.7% of GDP in 2022, up from 7.8% the previous year. The latest figures from the Hellenic Statistical Authority show that the total value of imports for the 10-month period from January to October 2023 amounted to EUR 42.8 billion (-7.1% y-o-y), while exports stood at EUR 68.6 billion (-12.2% y-o-y). In the same period, the deficit of the trade balance reached EUR 25.8 billion, down by 19.6% over the year.
Foreign Trade Values | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
Imports of Goods (million USD) | 63,877 | 62,384 | 55,947 | 77,105 | 97,696 |
Exports of Goods (million USD) | 39,502 | 37,907 | 35,215 | 47,218 | 57,392 |
Imports of Services (million USD) | 21,086 | 21,322 | 17,627 | 26,270 | 29,610 |
Exports of Services (million USD) | 43,883 | 44,961 | 25,940 | 41,463 | 50,110 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Indicators | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 80.2 | 81.9 | 71.7 | 89.5 | 106.9 |
Trade Balance (million USD) | -26,532 | -25,572 | -21,135 | -31,224 | -41,017 |
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | -3,935 | -2,008 | -12,737 | -16,011 | -20,975 |
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 8.1 | 2.9 | -7.3 | 17.7 | 10.2 |
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 9.1 | 4.9 | -21.5 | 24.1 | 4.9 |
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 41.2 | 41.8 | 39.7 | 48.6 | 58.2 |
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 39.0 | 40.1 | 32.0 | 40.9 | 48.7 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2023 | 2024 (e) | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) | 2027 (e) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 3.3 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 2.9 |
Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 1.0 | 2.2 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 1.6 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2022 |
Italy | 10.4% |
Bulgaria | 7.7% |
Germany | 6.3% |
Cyprus | 5.5% |
Türkiye | 4.6% |
United States | 4.1% |
United Kingdom | 3.9% |
Spain | 3.8% |
Libya | 3.4% |
Romania | 3.3% |
North Macedonia | 3.2% |
France | 3.0% |
Lebanon | 2.9% |
Gibraltar | 2.2% |
Netherlands | 2.2% |
Poland | 1.7% |
Israel | 1.6% |
Albania | 1.5% |
South Korea | 1.3% |
Malta | 1.3% |
See More Countries | 65.5% |
Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2022 |
Russia | 10.0% |
Germany | 8.9% |
China | 8.5% |
Iraq | 7.3% |
Italy | 6.3% |
Netherlands | 4.7% |
United States | 3.7% |
France | 3.5% |
Türkiye | 3.1% |
Kazakhstan | 2.9% |
Spain | 2.8% |
Bulgaria | 2.8% |
Libya | 2.6% |
Azerbaijan | 2.6% |
Belgium | 2.5% |
Saudi Arabia | 2.1% |
Egypt | 1.8% |
Poland | 1.4% |
India | 1.2% |
Romania | 1.1% |
See More Countries | 59.0% |
Source: Comtrade, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
To go further, check out our service Import Export Flows.
49.8 bn USD of services exported in 2022 | |
49.58% | |
37.40% | |
5.85% | |
Miscellaneous business,...Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services | 5.30% |
Research and developmentResearch and development | 0.54% |
2.64% | |
1.18% | |
1.09% | |
1.03% | |
0.82% | |
0.23% | |
0.17% |
28.8 bn USD of services imported in 2022 | |
71.64% | |
7.04% | |
7.03% | |
Miscellaneous business,...Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services | 6.70% |
Research and developmentResearch and development | 0.33% |
6.44% | |
3.40% | |
1.30% | |
0.99% | |
0.97% | |
0.61% | |
0.57% |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
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Actualitzacions: April 2024
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