Polònia: Invertir a Polònia
Poland figures among the most attractive countries in Europe in terms of FDI. According to UNCTAD's 2021 World Investment Report, FDI inflows to Poland remained stable in 2020, reaching USD 10 billion, in line with the USD 10.8 billion recorded a year earlier, despite the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic which caused a contraction of 42% of global FDI. Total investment stocks in the country stood at USD 236.5 billion in 2020. Poland ranked fifth globally in terms of the value of greenfield projects announced in the same year, for a total of USD 24.3 billion (UNCTAD). Major projects include the construction of a cloud region in Poland by Google for USD 1.8 billion. Poland is the first largest recipient of FDI inflows in Central Europe. The majority of stocks are held by the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg and France, with investments directed mainly towards the manufacturing, financial and insurance activities, wholesale and retail, and real estate sectors. In addition, data from the past few years showed a high percentage of investors coming from China and South Korea. According to the latest figures from OECD, in the first half of 2021 FDI inflows to Poland totalled USD 12.3 billion, up by 27.4% compared to the same period one year earlier (when FDI inflows stood at USD 9.6 billion).
Poland’s main assets are its strategic position, a large population, its European Union membership, economic stability, cheap skilled labour costs and a fiscal system attractive to businesses. Moreover, Poland has a number of dynamic Special Economic Zones, and the government founded the Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIZ) to improve conditions for FDI. Under the 2021-2027 EU budget, Poland will receive USD 78.4 billion in cohesion funds as well as approximately USD 27 billion in grants and USD 40 billion in loan access from the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility. However, Polish law limits foreign ownership of companies in selected strategic sectors and restricts acquisition of real estate, especially agricultural and forest land. Furthermore, a new law came into force giving the President of the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection the authority to review FDIs by non-EEA and non-OECD investors on the grounds of public security, order and health. Overall, the Polish business climate is good and the World Bank ranks Poland 40th out of 190 countries in its latest Doing Business ranking, seven positions lower compared to the previous edition.
Foreign Direct Investment | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
FDI Inward Flow (million USD) | 13,510 | 13,831 | 24,816 |
FDI Stock (million USD) | 240,586 | 249,723 | 269,225 |
Number of Greenfield Investments* | 448 | 467 | 511 |
Value of Greenfield Investments (million USD) | 24,462 | 22,757 | 21,871 |
Source: UNCTAD, Latest available data
Note: * Greenfield Investments are a form of Foreign Direct Investment where a parent company starts a new venture in a foreign country by constructing new operational facilities from the ground up.
Country Comparison For the Protection of Investors | Poland | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | United States | Germany |
Index of Transaction Transparency* | 7.0 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 5.0 |
Index of Manager’s Responsibility** | 2.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
Index of Shareholders’ Power*** | 9.0 | 6.8 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
Source: Doing Business, Latest available data
Note: *The Greater the Index, the More Transparent the Conditions of Transactions. **The Greater the Index, the More the Manager is Personally Responsible. *** The Greater the Index, the Easier it Will Be For Shareholders to Take Legal Action.
Strong points for FDI in Poland:
Disadvantages for FDI in Poland:
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Actualitzacions: January 2023