Inversió estrangera directa (IED) a Polònia

FDI in Figures

Poland figures among the most attractive countries in Europe in terms of FDI. According to UNCTAD's 2022 World Investment Report, FDI inflows to Poland reached a record-high level of USD 24.8 billion in 2021, compared to USD 13.8 billion one year earlier and 83% above the pre-COVID level. According to the state-owned think tank Polish Economic Institute (PIE), Poland was 14th globally and third in the EU in terms of the value of FDI inflows in 2021. In the same year, the total inward stock of foreign investments stood at USD 269.2 billion (+7.8% y-o-y). Data by fDi Intelligence show that in the period 2019-2021, foreign investors in Poland contributed to the creation of 339,000 jobs. Overall, greenfield FDI to Poland has remained resilient and has been increasing since 2015. The largest investor in the country during 2021 in terms of capital investment was South Korea (USD 1.9 billion), followed by the U.S. (USD 364 million) and Germany (USD 155 million). In terms of regional breakdowns, the Masovian voivodeship received 28% of inward FDI for 2021, followed by Lower Silesian (15%), the Lesser Poland and Silesian voivodeships (10% each – Investment Monitor). The majority of stocks are held by Germany (21.2%), France (10.8%), the Netherlands (10.4%) and the U.S. (9.7%- OECD, by ultimate investing country); with investments directed mainly towards the manufacturing (31.3%), wholesale and retail (14.8%), financial and insurance activities (14.2%), and real estate sectors (10.4%). According to the latest figures from OECD, in the first half of 2022 FDI inflows to Poland totalled USD 19.6 billion, up by 43.4% compared to the same period one year earlier (when FDI inflows stood at USD 13.6 billion).

Poland’s main assets are its strategic position, a large population, its European Union membership, economic stability, skilled labour at a competitive cost and a fiscal system attractive to businesses. Moreover, Poland has a number of dynamic Special Economic Zones, and the government founded the Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIZ) to improve conditions for FDIs. Under the 2021-2027 EU budget, Poland will receive USD 78.4 billion in cohesion funds as well as approximately USD 27 billion in grants and USD 40 billion in loan access from the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility. However, Polish law limits foreign ownership of companies in selected strategic sectors and restricts the acquisition of real estate, especially agricultural and forest land. Furthermore, a new law came into force giving the President of the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection the authority to review FDIs by non-EEA and non-OECD investors on the grounds of public security, order and health. In 2022, Poland widened and extended its controls on new foreign direct investments for another three years, until mid-2025. Overall, the Polish business climate is good and the country ranks 29th out of 82 countries in the Economist Business Environment ranking.

What to consider if you invest in Poland

Strong Points

Strong points for FDI in Poland:

• Growing economy
• Central geographical location in the heart of Europe
• Multilingual workforce, qualified, able to export trades (at a low cost) and whose productivity is growing rapidly
• Stable banking sector and a controlled currency
• A healthy and resilient economy even during economic crises
• Unlike other Central European countries, its population does not face over-indebtedness.

Weak Points

Disadvantages for FDI in Poland:

• Rigidity of the labour market
• Slow administrative procedures (120th country for the speed of starting a business according to the World Bank)
• Current account in deficit 
• The adoption of the euro initially planned for 2012 has been jeopardised by the financial crisis, thereby delaying its beneficial effects on the economy.
• The relatively unstable political landscape slows down the implementation of necessary reforms.

Government Measures to Motivate or Restrict FDI

Poland’s well-diversified economy reduces its vulnerability to external shocks, although it depends heavily on the EU as an export market. Poland is one of the most attractive locations for foreign investments.

Regional aid is the most popular type of aid for companies carrying out investment projects in Poland. It is granted only for “initial” or “new” investments, which are generally defined as investments related to: setting-up of a new establishment; extension of the capacity of an existing establishment; diversification of the output of an establishment into products not previously produced. The maximum level of aid a project can receive depends on the size of the company and where in Poland the project is to be located.

Regional aid available in Poland can be granted in different forms, such as corporate income tax (CIT) exemption in so-called special economic zones (SEZ), government grants (support from domestic budget) and cash grants or loans from EU funds.
The government grant (Multi-Annual Support Programme – MASP) is a regional aid scheme financed by the Polish government and dedicated to supporting large investments in the so-called “priority sectors”: automotive, electronics, aviation, biotechnology, modern services (particularly IT centres, BPOs and telecommunications) and R&D;
In the case of companies registered in Poland, cash grants from EU funds can be obtained for R&D, including: Innovative new investments, which use new technologies; Energy efficiency projects; Production of energy from renewable sources.
State aid can be granted for R&D projects that carries out fundamental research; industrial research or experimental development. Entrepreneurs conducting activities in the area of research and development may benefit from an income tax relief.

Poland does place limits on foreign ownership and foreign equity for a limited number of sectors.  Polish law limits non-EU citizens to 49 percent ownership of a company’s capital shares in the air transport, radio and television broadcasting, and airport and seaport operations sectors.  Licenses and concessions for defense production and management of seaports are granted on the basis of national treatment for investors from OECD countries. The Law on Freedom of Economic Activity (LFEA) requires companies to obtain government concessions, licenses, or permits to conduct business in certain sectors, such as broadcasting, aviation, energy, weapons/military equipment, mining, and private security services.

In May 2020, the Polish government approved regulations aimed at making it difficult for investors from outside the European Union to take over at low cost companies that Poland considers strategic to its economy. The regulations were part of a government rescue package worth more than PLN 300 billion to help the country survive the new coronavirus pandemic and the resulting economic crisis.

The Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIH) supports both the foreign expansion of Polish business and the inflow of FDI into Poland.

Bilateral investment conventions signed by Poland

Poland has signed more than 60 bilateral investment treaties. For more details consult this link.