Polònia: Invertir a Polònia
Poland figures among the most attractive countries in Europe in terms of FDI. According to UNCTAD's 2022 World Investment Report, FDI inflows to Poland reached a record-high level of USD 24.8 billion in 2021, compared to USD 13.8 billion one year earlier and 83% above the pre-COVID level. According to the state-owned think tank Polish Economic Institute (PIE), Poland was 14th globally and third in the EU in terms of the value of FDI inflows in 2021. In the same year, the total inward stock of foreign investments stood at USD 269.2 billion (+7.8% y-o-y). Data by fDi Intelligence show that in the period 2019-2021, foreign investors in Poland contributed to the creation of 339,000 jobs. Overall, greenfield FDI to Poland has remained resilient and has been increasing since 2015. The largest investor in the country during 2021 in terms of capital investment was South Korea (USD 1.9 billion), followed by the U.S. (USD 364 million) and Germany (USD 155 million). In terms of regional breakdowns, the Masovian voivodeship received 28% of inward FDI for 2021, followed by Lower Silesian (15%), the Lesser Poland and Silesian voivodeships (10% each – Investment Monitor). The majority of stocks are held by Germany (21.2%), France (10.8%), the Netherlands (10.4%) and the U.S. (9.7%- OECD, by ultimate investing country); with investments directed mainly towards the manufacturing (31.3%), wholesale and retail (14.8%), financial and insurance activities (14.2%), and real estate sectors (10.4%). According to the latest figures from OECD, in the first half of 2022 FDI inflows to Poland totalled USD 19.6 billion, up by 43.4% compared to the same period one year earlier (when FDI inflows stood at USD 13.6 billion).
Poland’s main assets are its strategic position, a large population, its European Union membership, economic stability, skilled labour at a competitive cost and a fiscal system attractive to businesses. Moreover, Poland has a number of dynamic Special Economic Zones, and the government founded the Polish Investment and Trade Agency (PAIZ) to improve conditions for FDIs. Under the 2021-2027 EU budget, Poland will receive USD 78.4 billion in cohesion funds as well as approximately USD 27 billion in grants and USD 40 billion in loan access from the EU Recovery and Resilience Facility. However, Polish law limits foreign ownership of companies in selected strategic sectors and restricts the acquisition of real estate, especially agricultural and forest land. Furthermore, a new law came into force giving the President of the Office for Competition and Consumer Protection the authority to review FDIs by non-EEA and non-OECD investors on the grounds of public security, order and health. In 2022, Poland widened and extended its controls on new foreign direct investments for another three years, until mid-2025. Overall, the Polish business climate is good and the country ranks 29th out of 82 countries in the Economist Business Environment ranking.
Foreign Direct Investment | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
FDI Inward Flow (million USD) | 15,195 | 29,580 | 29,462 |
FDI Stock (million USD) | 256,008 | 270,719 | 269,840 |
Number of Greenfield Investments* | 472 | 513 | 509 |
Value of Greenfield Investments (million USD) | 23,644 | 23,168 | 17,793 |
Source: UNCTAD, Latest available data
Note: * Greenfield Investments are a form of Foreign Direct Investment where a parent company starts a new venture in a foreign country by constructing new operational facilities from the ground up.
Country Comparison For the Protection of Investors | Poland | Eastern Europe & Central Asia | United States | Germany |
Index of Transaction Transparency* | 7.0 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 5.0 |
Index of Manager’s Responsibility** | 2.0 | 5.0 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
Index of Shareholders’ Power*** | 9.0 | 6.8 | 9.0 | 5.0 |
Source: Doing Business, Latest available data
Note: *The Greater the Index, the More Transparent the Conditions of Transactions. **The Greater the Index, the More the Manager is Personally Responsible. *** The Greater the Index, the Easier it Will Be For Shareholders to Take Legal Action.
Strong points for FDI in Poland:
Disadvantages for FDI in Poland:
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Actualitzacions: September 2023