Romania: Visió econòmica i política
Romania is open to foreign trade, which represents 83% of its GDP (World Bank, latest data available). The country mainly exports machinery and transport equipment (44.8% of total exports in 2023, mostly cars), manufactured goods classified mainly by raw materials (15.9%), miscellaneous manufactured articles (13.9%), and food and live animals (8.2%). Imports are led by machinery (36.8%); mineral products; chemical products; and base metals (data INSEE 2023).
The European Union is the main trading partner, accounting for 72.6% of total exports and 73.3% of imports in 2023. The leading countries for exports are Germany (20.8%), Italy (10.2%), France (6.3%), Hungary (5.7%), and Bulgaria (4.2%); whereas imports are led by Germany (19.4%), Italy (8.7%), Hungary (6.5%), Poland (6.2%), and China (5.5% - data Comtrade).
Romania’s foreign trade figures for 2023 published by WTO show that merchandise exports amounted to USD 100.6 billion (+4% year-on-year), while imports decreased to USD 131.9 billion (-0.4%). On the other hand, the country is a net exporter of commercial services, with exports totalling USD 42.8 billion against USD 28.4 billion in imports (+10.4% and +13.4%, respectively). Overall, Romania has a structurally negative trade balance: in 2023, it stood at around 4.8% of the country’s GDP (from 6.9% one year earlier - World Bank). According to preliminary figures from the national statistical office INSEE, in 2024, Romania's trade deficit expanded by 15.3% in 2024, reaching EUR 33.39 billion (USD 34.4 billion). FOB exports slipped by 0.4% to EUR 92.69 billion, while CIF imports rose by 3.3% to EUR 126.08 billion. Machinery and transport equipment dominated trade, representing 47% of exports and 36.4% of imports, with other manufactured goods accounting for 28.5% of exports and 28.6% of imports.
| Foreign Trade Values | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Imports of Goods (million USD) | 96,544 | 92,132 | 116,203 | 132,468 | 131,912 |
| Exports of Goods (million USD) | 76,871 | 70,718 | 87,388 | 96,699 | 100,612 |
| Imports of Services (million USD) | 20,614 | 16,364 | 21,800 | 25,067 | 28,440 |
| Exports of Services (million USD) | 30,302 | 27,165 | 32,914 | 38,758 | 42,797 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
| Foreign Trade Indicators | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 84.4 | 77.9 | 86.6 | 93.6 | 83.1 |
| Trade Balance (million USD) | -19,960 | -21,676 | -27,291 | -33,614 | -31,328 |
| Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | -10,282 | -10,875 | -16,177 | -19,923 | -16,940 |
| Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 8.8 | -5.2 | 14.6 | 9.3 | -1.1 |
| Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 5.4 | -9.5 | 12.6 | 9.3 | -0.8 |
| Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 44.3 | 41.2 | 46.1 | 50.3 | 43.9 |
| Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 40.1 | 36.8 | 40.5 | 43.4 | 39.2 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
| Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2024 | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) | 2027 (e) | 2028 (e) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | -2.7 | 5.0 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.4 |
| Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 2.5 | 5.1 | 5.8 | 4.8 | 4.6 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Member of the ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting).
| Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2023 |
| Germany | 20.8% |
| Italy | 10.2% |
| France | 6.3% |
| Hungary | 5.7% |
| Bulgaria | 4.2% |
| Poland | 3.7% |
| Netherlands | 3.4% |
| Türkiye | 3.3% |
| Spain | 3.2% |
| Czech Republic | 3.2% |
| United Kingdom | 2.9% |
| Ukraine | 2.7% |
| Belgium | 2.4% |
| United States | 2.3% |
| Moldova | 2.2% |
| Slovakia | 2.2% |
| Austria | 2.1% |
| Serbia | 1.5% |
| Greece | 1.2% |
| Morocco | 1.0% |
| See More Countries | 52.8% |
| Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2023 |
| Germany | 19.4% |
| Italy | 8.7% |
| Hungary | 6.5% |
| Poland | 6.2% |
| China | 5.5% |
| Türkiye | 5.2% |
| Bulgaria | 4.7% |
| Netherlands | 4.3% |
| France | 4.3% |
| Austria | 3.5% |
| Czech Republic | 3.0% |
| Spain | 2.8% |
| Belgium | 2.5% |
| Kazakhstan | 2.2% |
| Slovakia | 2.0% |
| Greece | 1.5% |
| Ukraine | 1.2% |
| United States | 1.1% |
| Serbia | 1.1% |
| India | 1.1% |
| See More Countries | 53.7% |
Source: Comtrade, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
To go further, check out our service Import-Export Flows.
| 35.2 bn USD of services exported in 2022 | |
| 30.24% | |
| 27.86% | |
| 23.51% | |
| Miscellaneous business,...Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services | 21.24% |
| Research and developmentResearch and development | 2.27% |
| 13.71% | |
| 2.48% | |
| 1.04% | |
| 0.57% | |
| 0.27% | |
| 0.21% | |
| 0.12% | |
| 24.9 bn USD of services imported in 2022 | |
| 31.40% | |
| 25.30% | |
| Miscellaneous business,...Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services | 23.86% |
| Research and developmentResearch and development | 1.45% |
| 19.45% | |
| 15.86% | |
| 3.84% | |
| 2.33% | |
| 0.95% | |
| 0.33% | |
| 0.30% | |
| 0.24% | |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
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Actualitzacions: March 2025
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