Romania: Visió econòmica i política
Romania is open to foreign trade, which represents 93% of its GDP (World Bank, latest data available). The country mainly exports machinery and transport equipment (44.8% of total exports in 2023, mostly cars), manufactured goods classified mainly by raw materials (15.9%), miscellaneous manufactured articles (13.9%), and food and live animals (8.2%). Imports are led by machinery (36.8%); mineral products; chemical products; and base metals (data INSEE 2023).
The European Union is the main trading partner, accounting for 72.6% of total exports and 73.3% of imports in 2023. The leading countries for exports are Germany (19.8%), Italy (10.1%), Hungary (7.3%), France (6.0%), Bulgaria (3.9%); whereas imports are led by Germany (17.8%), Italy (8.2%), Bulgaria (7.1%), Hungary (6.5%), Poland (5.9% - data Comtrade 2022).
Romania’s foreign trade figures for 2022 published by WTO show that merchandise exports amounted to USD 96.7 billion (+10.6% year-on-year), while imports increased at a faster pace (+14%), to USD 132.5 billion. On the other hand, the country is a net exporter of commercial services, with exports totaling USD 38.9 billion against USD 25.5 billion in imports (+17.9% and +16.9%, respectively). Overall, Romania has a structurally negative trade balance, which has been widening in recent years: for 2022, it stood at around 6.9% of the country’s GDP (from 5.7% one year earlier - World Bank). According to preliminary figures from the national statistical office INSEE, in 2023, exports reached EUR 93.098 billion, indicating a modest increase of 1.3%, while imports totaled EUR 122.045 billion, showing a decline of 3.2% compared to the previous year, resulting in a decrease of 15.1% in the trade deficit compared to the previous year.
| Foreign Trade Values | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
| Imports of Goods (million USD) | 96,544 | 92,132 | 116,203 | 132,468 | 131,912 |
| Exports of Goods (million USD) | 76,871 | 70,718 | 87,388 | 96,699 | 100,612 |
| Imports of Services (million USD) | 20,614 | 16,364 | 21,800 | 25,067 | 28,440 |
| Exports of Services (million USD) | 30,302 | 27,165 | 32,914 | 38,758 | 42,797 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
| Foreign Trade Indicators | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
| Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 86.5 | 84.5 | 78.1 | 87.0 | 92.0 |
| Trade Balance (million USD) | -18,019 | -19,960 | -21,676 | -27,291 | -33,923 |
| Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | -8,157 | -10,282 | -10,875 | -16,177 | -20,618 |
| Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 8.6 | 8.6 | -5.2 | 14.9 | 9.2 |
| Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 5.3 | 5.4 | -9.5 | 12.6 | 8.6 |
| Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 44.9 | 44.3 | 41.2 | 46.3 | 49.4 |
| Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 41.5 | 40.2 | 36.9 | 40.6 | 42.5 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
| Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2023 | 2024 (e) | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) | 2027 (e) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | -0.3 | 4.4 | 6.9 | 6.2 | 5.4 |
| Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | -1.4 | 5.7 | 6.6 | 6.1 | 5.1 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Member of the ASEM (Asia-Europe Meeting).
| Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2023 |
| Germany | 20.8% |
| Italy | 10.2% |
| France | 6.3% |
| Hungary | 5.7% |
| Bulgaria | 4.2% |
| Poland | 3.7% |
| Netherlands | 3.4% |
| Türkiye | 3.3% |
| Spain | 3.2% |
| Czech Republic | 3.2% |
| United Kingdom | 2.9% |
| Ukraine | 2.7% |
| Belgium | 2.4% |
| United States | 2.3% |
| Moldova | 2.2% |
| Slovakia | 2.2% |
| Austria | 2.1% |
| Serbia | 1.5% |
| Greece | 1.2% |
| Morocco | 1.0% |
| See More Countries | 52.8% |
| Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2023 |
| Germany | 19.4% |
| Italy | 8.7% |
| Hungary | 6.5% |
| Poland | 6.2% |
| China | 5.5% |
| Türkiye | 5.2% |
| Bulgaria | 4.7% |
| Netherlands | 4.3% |
| France | 4.3% |
| Austria | 3.5% |
| Czech Republic | 3.0% |
| Spain | 2.8% |
| Belgium | 2.5% |
| Kazakhstan | 2.2% |
| Slovakia | 2.0% |
| Greece | 1.5% |
| Ukraine | 1.2% |
| United States | 1.1% |
| Serbia | 1.1% |
| India | 1.1% |
| See More Countries | 53.7% |
Source: Comtrade, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
To go further, check out our service Import-Export Flows.
| 35.2 bn USD of services exported in 2022 | |
| 30.24% | |
| 27.86% | |
| 23.51% | |
| Miscellaneous business,...Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services | 21.24% |
| Research and developmentResearch and development | 2.27% |
| 13.71% | |
| 2.48% | |
| 1.04% | |
| 0.57% | |
| 0.27% | |
| 0.21% | |
| 0.12% | |
| 24.9 bn USD of services imported in 2022 | |
| 31.40% | |
| 25.30% | |
| Miscellaneous business,...Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services | 23.86% |
| Research and developmentResearch and development | 1.45% |
| 19.45% | |
| 15.86% | |
| 3.84% | |
| 2.33% | |
| 0.95% | |
| 0.33% | |
| 0.30% | |
| 0.24% | |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
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Actualitzacions: May 2024
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