Ruanda: Visió econòmica i política
Rwanda's economic policy is open to foreign trade which accounts for 53.9% of the GDP (World Bank, 2021). In addition to benefiting from the U.S.-Rwanda Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), which entered into force in 2012, Rwanda is a member of the East African Community (EAC) - one of the most dynamic regional communities in Africa - the Common Markets of Eastern & Southern Africa (COMESA) and the WTO. Custom duties are relatively low in the country (7.3% on average) and non-tariff barriers are virtually non-existent.
Rwanda mainly exports petroleum oils (13.1%), tea (9%), coffee (8.2%), gold (7.3%), and precious and semi-precious stones (7.1%). The country's imports are led by petroleum oils (18.4%), telephone sets (4.8%), rice (2.5%), medicaments (2.3%), and wheat and meslin (2.1%). Rwanda’s leading export detonations are the neighbouring Democratic Republic of Congo (33.6%), Switzerland (8.8%), Hong Kong (6.9%), the UAE (4.6%), and the UK (4.4%); with imports come chiefly from China (17.4%), followed by India (10.2%), the UAE (9.8%), Uganda (8.5%), and Kenya (6.2%).
Due to its strong growth and demand for manufactured goods, Rwanda has a structural trade deficit. In 2021, the country exported USD 1.5 billion worth of goods, while it imported USD 2.8 billion, resulting in a trade deficit of USD 1.6 billion. When accounting for services, the country's trade deficit reached USD 1.7 billion, as exports as services totalled USD 579 million and imports amounted to USD 666 million.
Foreign Trade Values | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
Imports of Goods (million USD) | 2,323 | 2,464 | 2,659 | 2,542 | 2,895 |
Exports of Goods (million USD) | 1,050 | 1,122 | 1,241 | 1,408 | 1,530 |
Imports of Services (million USD) | 904 | 936 | 910 | 543 | 666 |
Exports of Services (million USD) | 729 | 648 | 747 | 295 | 579 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Indicators | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 53.7 | 55.8 | 57.9 | 55.1 | 53.9 |
Trade Balance (million USD) | -974 | -1,155 | -1,465 | -1,650 | -1,659 |
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | -1,167 | -1,298 | -1,482 | -1,649 | -1,746 |
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 5.8 | 8.1 | 18.0 | -3.4 | 3.6 |
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 43.3 | 10.3 | 19.9 | -9.2 | 2.8 |
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 33.1 | 34.7 | 36.1 | 35.8 | 34.8 |
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 20.5 | 21.1 | 21.8 | 19.3 | 19.1 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2022 | 2023 (e) | 2024 (e) | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 8.9 | 24.4 | 13.1 | 15.2 | 11.7 |
Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 22.6 | 11.5 | 5.3 | 5.4 | 0.5 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2018 |
Democratic Republic of Congo | 33.6% |
Switzerland | 8.8% |
Hong Kong SAR, China | 6.9% |
United Arab Emirates | 4.6% |
United Kingdom | 4.4% |
Pakistan | 4.1% |
Singapore | 3.9% |
Uganda | 3.4% |
Thailand | 3.2% |
Lithuania | 2.8% |
Belgium | 2.7% |
United States | 2.5% |
China | 2.0% |
Kenya | 1.7% |
Burundi | 1.6% |
Tanzania | 1.5% |
Central African Republic | 1.0% |
India | 1.0% |
Germany | 1.0% |
Luxembourg | 0.9% |
See More Countries | 41.7% |
Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2018 |
China | 18.4% |
India | 10.2% |
United Arab Emirates | 9.8% |
Uganda | 8.5% |
Kenya | 6.2% |
Tanzania | 4.8% |
Saudi Arabia | 3.4% |
Switzerland | 2.8% |
Sweden | 2.5% |
Belgium | 2.3% |
Germany | 2.2% |
Russia | 2.1% |
South Africa | 2.0% |
United States | 1.7% |
Indonesia | 1.6% |
Pakistan | 1.5% |
Türkiye | 1.3% |
Zambia | 1.2% |
Italy | 1.2% |
Malaysia | 1.1% |
See More Countries | 46.9% |
Source: Comtrade, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
To go further, check out our service Import Export Flows.
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Actualitzacions: September 2023
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