Ruanda: Visió econòmica i política
Rwanda's economic policy is open to foreign trade which accounts for 61% of the GDP (World Bank, latest data available). In addition to benefiting from the U.S.-Rwanda Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT), Rwanda is a member of the East African Community (EAC) - one of the most dynamic regional communities in Africa - the Common Markets of Eastern & Southern Africa (COMESA) and the WTO. Custom duties are relatively low in the country and non-tariff barriers are virtually non-existent. Rwanda mainly exports food and live animals (22.8%, mostly tea and coffee), crude materials, inedible, except fuels (13.4%), manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (6.7%); whereas imports are led by machinery and transport equipment (18.7%), food and live animals (17.1%), other commodities & transactions, n.e.s (15.1%), manufactured goods classified chiefly by material (14.3%), mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials (11.0% - data National Institute of Statistics Rwanda, 2023).
Rwanda main export partners in 2023 were the United Arab Emirates (56.8%), the DRC (10.4%), China (5%), Hong Kong (2.6%), and the U.S. (1.1%). On the other hand, imports came chiefly from China (18.7%), Tanzania (13.6%), India (10.5%), the United Arab Emirates (5.4%), and South Africa (2.7% - data National Institute of Statistics Rwanda).
Due to its strong growth and demand for manufactured goods, Rwanda has a structural trade deficit. In 2022, the country exported USD 2.1 billion worth of goods, while it imported USD 3.5 billion (WTO). Concerning services, exports stood at USD 883 million against USD 878 million in imports. According to the World Bank, the country’s trade deficit stood at around 16.2% of its GDP in 2022 (from 15.6% one year earlier). Preliminary figures from the National Institute of Statistics show that, in 2023, the country exported USD 2.9 billion worth of goods, while imports totalled USD 9.4 billion.
Foreign Trade Values | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
Imports of Goods (million USD) | 2,659 | 2,542 | 2,895 | 3,569 | 3,897 |
Exports of Goods (million USD) | 1,241 | 1,408 | 1,531 | 2,111 | 2,479 |
Imports of Services (million USD) | 1,033 | 520 | 701 | 878 | 949 |
Exports of Services (million USD) | 1,015 | 521 | 576 | 881 | 1,047 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Indicators | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 |
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 55.8 | 58.0 | 55.2 | 54.7 | 60.4 |
Trade Balance (million USD) | -1,155 | -1,465 | -1,650 | -1,659 | -1,990 |
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | -1,298 | -1,482 | -1,649 | -1,746 | -1,985 |
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 8.1 | 18.1 | -3.4 | 3.6 | 16.1 |
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 10.2 | 19.9 | -9.2 | 2.9 | 30.1 |
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 34.7 | 36.2 | 35.9 | 35.2 | 37.9 |
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 21.1 | 21.8 | 19.3 | 19.5 | 22.5 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2023 | 2024 (e) | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) | 2027 (e) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 19.3 | 14.2 | 8.2 | 8.7 | 9.4 |
Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 17.9 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 4.4 | 4.4 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2022 |
Democratic Republic of Congo | 38.0% |
United Arab Emirates | 29.2% |
China | 4.8% |
India | 3.5% |
United Kingdom | 2.3% |
See More Countries | 22.1% |
Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2022 |
China | 21.0% |
Tanzania | 11.1% |
Kenya | 9.3% |
India | 9.3% |
United Arab Emirates | 8.2% |
See More Countries | 41.1% |
Source: Comtrade, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
To go further, check out our service Import-Export Flows.
0.9 bn USD of services exported in 2022 | |
45.42% | |
Personal travelPersonal travel | 31.42% |
OtherOther | 27.94% |
Business travelBusiness travel | 14.00% |
26.64% | |
22.32% | |
2.99% | |
1.91% | |
0.49% | |
0.11% | |
0.07% | |
0.04% |
0.9 bn USD of services imported in 2022 | |
53.82% | |
31.86% | |
Business travelBusiness travel | 18.22% |
Personal travelPersonal travel | 13.64% |
OtherOther | 14.32% |
4.79% | |
2.66% | |
2.26% | |
2.10% | |
1.11% | |
0.90% | |
0.48% | |
0.03% |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
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Actualitzacions: May 2024