El marc polític de Rússia

Political Outline

Current Political Leaders: President: Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 7 May 2012 ; re-elected in March 2024) - United Russia
Prime Minister: Mikhail Vladimirovich MISHUSTIN (since 16 January 2020) - United Russia
Next Election Dates: State Duma: September 2026
Main Political Parties: In Russia, the powers of the executive were greatly increased by the adoption of a new constitution in 1993. The political apparatus is overwhelmingly in the hands of the United Russia party. While opposition parties are authorised, there is little chance for these parties to wield any real power. The main parties are:
- United Russia: centrist, remains the largest and seemingly most popular party in Russia, self-declared focus on 'Russian conservatism'
- Communist Party of the Russian Federation (CPRF): left-wing, seeks to establish modern socialism
- A Just Russia (CP): centre-left, ally of United Russia
- Liberal Democratic Party of Russia (LDPR): far-right, opposes communism and capitalism, self-described as centrist, an extreme right nationalist political party
- New People: liberal, centrist.
Executive Power: The President is the Head of State, elected by universal suffrage for a six-year term since 2012 (previously four years). He is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces and holds extensive executive powers, making him the real center of power in the country. The Prime Minister is the Head of Government. He is appointed by the President, subject to approval by the lower house of Parliament (the State Duma), and manages the everyday business of the country but operates under the President's significant influence, as the President can dismiss him and directly shape major policy decisions.
Legislative Power: Russia has a two-chamber legislative power. The Parliament, called the Federal Assembly, is composed of: the Council of the Federation (upper chamber), which has 170 seats. Its members are appointed by regional governors and legislative institutions for terms without a fixed limit. The State Duma (lower chamber) has 450 seats, and its members are elected by direct universal suffrage through a mixed electoral system for a five-year term (since 2011, previously four years). The State Duma now includes three representatives from the "Republic of Crimea," while the Federation Council includes two from the "Republic of Crimea" and two from the "Federal City of Sevastopol," regions that Russia occupied and claimed to annex from Ukraine in 2014, a move widely unrecognized by the international community.

Indicator of Freedom of the Press

The world rankings, published annually, measures violations of press freedom worldwide. It reflects the degree of freedom enjoyed by journalists, the media and digital citizens of each country and the means used by states to respect and uphold this freedom. Finally, a note and a position are assigned to each country. To compile this index, Reporters Without Borders (RWB) prepared a questionnaire incorporating the main criteria (44 in total) to assess the situation of press freedom in a given country. This questionnaire was sent to partner organisations,150 RWB correspondents, journalists, researchers, jurists and human rights activists. It includes every kind of direct attacks against journalists and digital citizens (murders, imprisonment, assault, threats, etc.) or against the media (censorship, confiscation, searches and harassment etc.).

World Rank:: 150/180

Indicator of Political Freedom

Definition

Definition:

The Indicator of Political Freedom provides an annual evaluation of the state of freedom in a country as experienced by individuals. The survey measures freedom according to two broad categories: political rights and civil liberties. The ratings process is based on a checklist of 10 political rights questions (on Electoral Process, Political Pluralism and Participation, Functioning of Government) and 15 civil liberties questions (on Freedom of Expression, Belief, Associational and Organizational Rights, Rule of Law, Personal Autonomy and Individual Rights). Scores are awarded to each of these questions on a scale of 0 to 4, where a score of 0 represents the smallest degree and 4 the greatest degree of rights or liberties present. The total score awarded to the political rights and civil liberties checklist determines the political rights and civil liberties rating. Each rating of 1 through 7, with 1 representing the highest and 7 the lowest level of freedom, corresponds to a range of total scores.

Political Freedom:: 7/7

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