Ucraïna: Visió econòmica i política
Ukraine is a very open economy, with a share of foreign trade in the country's GDP of 79% in 2020 (World Bank). Ukraine is the world's fifth largest exporter of grains and one of the main exporters of iron and steel. In 2020, the main exported products were sunflower seeds (10.8% of exports), corn (9.9%), iron (8,6%), wheat (7.3%), steel and oils. The main imported products were vehicles (6.5%), petroleum oils (6.3%), medicaments (3.7%), coal (3.1%), petroleum gas, electrical apparatus and pesticides (Comtrade). After dropping in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, trade volumes rebounded in 2021. The volume of exports of goods and services increased by 11.8% compared to 2020, and imports increased by 9.5% (IMF). The IMF expects imports to increase by 10.2% in 2022, faster than exports (7.6%).
Overall, foreign trade has been hardly hit by the conflict with Russia, which has traditionally been a major supplier of oil and gas, accounting for almost a quarter of the country's total imports. Ukraine is seeking to develop its trade relations with the member states of the European Union, with a view to emancipate from Russia. The EU and Ukraine have provisionally applied their Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) since January 2016. The EU is the destination of 36.5% of Ukraine’s total exports and the origin of 42% of the country’s imports (WTO). China has now become Ukraine's main trading partner, before Russia. In 2020, China accounted for 15.4% of Ukraine's imports, followed by Germany (9.9%), Russia (8.5%), Poland (7.6%), the United States (5.5%) and Belarus (5.4%). Ukraine's main customers are China (14.5% of exports), Poland (6.7%), Russia (5.5%), Turkey (4.9%), Germany (4.2%), India (4%) and Italy (3.9%) (Comtrade).
According to WTO data, in 2020 Ukraine exported USD 49.2 billion worth of goods and imported USD 53.9 billion worth, recording a trade deficit of around USD 6.6 billion. Exports of services reached USD 15.2 billion, while imports amounted to USD 10 billion. In addition to the COVID-19 pandemic, political issues negatively impact trade.
Foreign Trade Values | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
Imports of Goods (million USD) | 49,609 | 57,046 | 60,607 | 53,929 | 72,527 |
Exports of Goods (million USD) | 43,265 | 47,348 | 50,066 | 49,220 | 68,075 |
Imports of Services (million USD) | 12,231 | 13,809 | 14,904 | 10,035 | 14,342 |
Exports of Services (million USD) | 13,860 | 15,536 | 17,154 | 15,224 | 18,631 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Indicators | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 104.0 | 99.2 | 90.5 | 79.2 | 82.6 |
Trade Balance (million USD) | -9,663 | -12,714 | -14,261 | -6,778 | -6,642 |
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | -8,744 | -11,378 | -12,511 | -2,378 | -2,671 |
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 12.9 | 2.8 | 5.7 | -6.4 | 12.7 |
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 3.9 | -1.4 | 7.3 | -5.8 | -10.4 |
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 55.9 | 54.0 | 49.3 | 40.3 | 41.9 |
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 48.1 | 45.2 | 41.2 | 38.8 | 40.7 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2022 | 2023 (e) | 2024 (e) | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2021 |
China | 12.1% |
Poland | 7.6% |
Türkiye | 6.1% |
Russia | 5.1% |
Italy | 4.9% |
Germany | 4.2% |
India | 3.8% |
Netherlands | 3.2% |
Egypt | 2.9% |
Spain | 2.5% |
Hungary | 2.4% |
United States | 2.4% |
Romania | 2.3% |
Belarus | 2.2% |
Czech Republic | 2.1% |
United Kingdom | 1.6% |
Slovakia | 1.4% |
Austria | 1.4% |
France | 1.3% |
Moldova | 1.3% |
See More Countries | 64.2% |
Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2021 |
China | 15.2% |
Germany | 8.7% |
Russia | 8.4% |
Poland | 7.0% |
Belarus | 6.7% |
United States | 4.9% |
Türkiye | 4.5% |
Italy | 3.7% |
France | 2.5% |
Switzerland | 2.3% |
Hungary | 2.2% |
Czech Republic | 2.1% |
Lithuania | 1.8% |
Japan | 1.7% |
United Kingdom | 1.5% |
Netherlands | 1.4% |
Spain | 1.4% |
India | 1.3% |
Slovakia | 1.3% |
Austria | 1.2% |
See More Countries | 54.0% |
Source: Comtrade, 2022. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2022. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
To go further, check out our service Import Export Flows.
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
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Actualitzacions: January 2023
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