Ucraïna: Visió econòmica i política
Ukraine is a very open economy, with a share of foreign trade in the country's GDP of 83% in 2021 (World Bank). Ukraine is the world's fifth largest exporter of grains and one of the main exporters of iron and steel. In 2021, the main exported products were iron (10.3% of exports), sunflower seeds (9.6%), corn (8.9%), wheat (7.2%), steel and oils. The main imported products were petroleum oils (7.8%), vehicles (6.3%), petroleum gas (4.2%), coal (3.4%), medicaments (3%), electrical apparatus and pesticides (Comtrade). After recovering from the COVID-19 pandemic, trade volumes suffered from the consequences of Russia’s aggression in 2022.
Foreign trade has been hardly hit by the conflict with Russia, which has traditionally been a major supplier of oil and gas, accounting for almost a quarter of the country's total imports. Ukraine is seeking to develop its trade relations with the member states of the European Union, with a view to emancipate from Russia. The EU and Ukraine have provisionally applied their Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement (CCFTA) since January 2016. The EU is the destination of 39% of Ukraine’s total exports and the origin of 40.2% of the country’s imports (WTO, 2021). China has now become Ukraine's main trading partner, before Russia. In 2021, China accounted for 15.2% of Ukraine's imports, followed by Germany (8.7%), Russia (8.4%), Poland (7%), Belarus (6.7%) and the United States (4.9%). Ukraine's main customers are China (12.1% of exports), Poland (7.6%), Turkey (6.1%), Russia (5.1%), Italy (4.9%), Germany (4.2%) and India (3.8%) (Comtrade).
According to WTO data, in 2021 Ukraine exported USD 68.1 billion worth of goods and imported USD 72.5 billion worth, recording a trade deficit of around USD 4.4 billion. Exports of services reached USD 18.6 billion, while imports amounted to USD 14.3 billion. According to Bank of Ukraine data, from January to September 2022, exports of goods and services reached USD 42.4 billion, compared to USD 57.6 billion during the same period a year earlier ; while imports amounted to USD 57.2 billion from January to September 2022, compared to USD 58.4 billion in 2021.
Foreign Trade Values | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
Imports of Goods (million USD) | 49,609 | 57,046 | 60,607 | 53,929 | 72,527 |
Exports of Goods (million USD) | 43,265 | 47,348 | 50,066 | 49,220 | 68,075 |
Imports of Services (million USD) | 12,231 | 13,809 | 14,904 | 10,035 | 14,342 |
Exports of Services (million USD) | 13,860 | 15,536 | 17,154 | 15,224 | 18,631 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Indicators | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 |
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 104.0 | 99.2 | 90.5 | 79.2 | 82.6 |
Trade Balance (million USD) | -9,663 | -12,714 | -14,261 | -6,778 | -6,642 |
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | -8,744 | -11,378 | -12,511 | -2,378 | -2,671 |
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 12.9 | 2.8 | 5.7 | -6.4 | 12.7 |
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 3.9 | -1.4 | 7.3 | -5.8 | -10.4 |
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 55.9 | 54.0 | 49.3 | 40.3 | 41.9 |
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 48.1 | 45.2 | 41.2 | 38.8 | 40.7 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2022 | 2023 (e) | 2024 (e) | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | -43.1 | -19.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | -27.8 | 7.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2022 |
Poland | 15.1% |
Romania | 8.8% |
Türkiye | 6.6% |
China | 5.6% |
Hungary | 5.1% |
See More Countries | 58.8% |
Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2022 |
China | 15.7% |
Poland | 9.9% |
Germany | 8.3% |
Türkiye | 6.1% |
United States | 3.9% |
See More Countries | 56.1% |
Source: Comtrade, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
To go further, check out our service Import Export Flows.
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2023. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
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Actualitzacions: September 2023