Vietnam: Visió econòmica i política
Vietnam is one of the most open economies to international trade in Asia, with trade representing 166% of its GDP (World Bank, latest data available). In 2023, computers, electronic products, and components were the main export (17% of the total), followed by telephones and components (14.8%), textiles (9.3%), footwear (5.4%), and machinery, equipment, tools, and spare parts (5.1%); whereas imports were led by computers, electronic products, and components (26.7%), machinery, equipment, tools, and spare parts (13.3%), fabrics (4.0%), iron and steel (3.3%), and telephones and components (2.5% - data Ministry of Commerce).
The main export partners in 2023 were the United States (27.3% of all exports), China (17.1%), South Korea (6.6%), and Japan (6.6%), with ASEAN countries cumulatively accounting for 49.7%. On the other hand, Vietnam's main suppliers were China (33.9%), Japan (16.1%), South Korea (6.6%), and Taiwan (5.6% - data Vietnamese Customs). The Vietnamese economic model remains heavily dependent on foreign investment and exports, especially to the United States and China. In recent years, Vietnam has demonstrated a strong commitment to trade liberalization. It joined the WTO in 2007 and signed Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) with the ASEAN countries and the United States. Vietnam also enjoys a cooperation agreement with the EU. A free trade agreement between both parties was ratified by the European Parliament in February 2020 and is expected to enter into force soon. A Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) - the world’s largest trade agreement - was signed by Vietnam in 2020, which includes 16 countries in total: Australia, Brunei, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand.
Vietnamese trade is characterized by some geographic inequality: the country shows a trade surplus with Western countries, but a series of deficits with some of its Asian neighbours. In 2023, the value of exports of goods stood at USD 353.78 billion (-9.5% y-o-y), with imports – at USD 325.7 billion - decreasing at a similar pace (-9.3%). As per services, exports reached USD 19.6 billion against USD 29 billion in imports. The World Bank estimated the trade balance to be positive by 8% of GDP (from 3.8% one year earlier). According to the Ministry of Industry and Trade, exports in 2024 increased by 14.3% year-on-year to reach USD 405.53 billion, driven by shipments of electronics, smartphones, clothing, and agricultural products. Imports rose by 16.7% to USD 380.76 billion, resulting in a trade surplus of USD 24.77 billion.
Foreign Trade Values | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
Imports of Goods (million USD) | 253,393 | 262,701 | 332,455 | 359,148 | 325,776 |
Exports of Goods (million USD) | 264,268 | 282,629 | 335,978 | 371,288 | 353,782 |
Imports of Services (million USD) | 19,028 | 18,325 | 19,407 | 27,441 | 29,060 |
Exports of Services (million USD) | 16,652 | 6,346 | 3,643 | 13,520 | 19,590 |
Source: World Trade Organisation (WTO) ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Indicators | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 |
Foreign Trade (in % of GDP) | 164.7 | 163.2 | 186.7 | 183.8 | 166.3 |
Trade Balance (million USD) | 21,494 | 30,708 | 17,466 | 29,398 | 44,444 |
Trade Balance (Including Service) (million USD) | 19,143 | 20,421 | 1,799 | 15,495 | 35,241 |
Imports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 4.9 | 3.3 | 16.7 | 1.2 | -3.1 |
Exports of Goods and Services (Annual % Change) | 6.2 | 4.1 | 14.8 | 4.0 | -1.3 |
Imports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 79.5 | 78.9 | 92.8 | 90.0 | 79.1 |
Exports of Goods and Services (in % of GDP) | 85.2 | 84.4 | 93.9 | 93.8 | 87.2 |
Source: World Bank ; Latest available data
Foreign Trade Forecasts | 2024 | 2025 (e) | 2026 (e) | 2027 (e) | 2028 (e) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Volume of exports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 5.4 | 5.0 | 6.6 | 6.5 | 6.5 |
Volume of imports of goods and services (Annual % change) | 8.6 | 6.3 | 7.7 | 7.4 | 7.1 |
Source: IMF, World Economic Outlook ; Latest available data
Note: (e) Estimated Data
Main Customers (% of Exports) |
2022 |
United States | 29.5% |
China | 15.6% |
South Korea | 6.5% |
Japan | 6.5% |
Hong Kong SAR, China | 2.9% |
Netherlands | 2.8% |
Germany | 2.4% |
India | 2.1% |
Thailand | 2.0% |
Canada | 1.7% |
United Kingdom | 1.6% |
Cambodia | 1.5% |
Malaysia | 1.5% |
Australia | 1.5% |
Philippines (the) | 1.4% |
Mexico | 1.2% |
Indonesia | 1.2% |
Italy | 1.2% |
Singapore | 1.2% |
Belgium | 1.1% |
See More Countries | 38.9% |
Main Suppliers (% of Imports) |
2022 |
China | 32.8% |
South Korea | 17.3% |
Japan | 6.5% |
United States | 4.0% |
Thailand | 3.9% |
Australia | 2.8% |
Indonesia | 2.7% |
Malaysia | 2.5% |
India | 2.0% |
Kuwait | 1.8% |
Singapore | 1.3% |
Cambodia | 1.3% |
Brazil | 1.3% |
Argentina | 1.1% |
Germany | 1.0% |
Ireland | 0.9% |
Philippines (the) | 0.8% |
Russia | 0.6% |
Saudi Arabia | 0.5% |
Hong Kong SAR, China | 0.5% |
See More Countries | 35.5% |
Source: Comtrade, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Source: Comtrade, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
To go further, check out our service Import-Export Flows.
20.2 bn USD of services exported in 2023 | |
45.28% | |
30.65% | |
Sea transportSea transport | 13.00% |
OtherOther | 7.75% |
FreightFreight | 5.25% |
Air transportAir transport | 11.59% |
PassengerPassenger | 9.72% |
FreightFreight | 1.88% |
11.78% | |
Miscellaneous business,...Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services | 10.84% |
Research and developmentResearch and development | 0.94% |
7.32% | |
Information servicesInformation services | 2.04% |
2.19% | |
Postal and courier servicesPostal and courier services | 1.27% |
Telecommunications servicesTelecommunications services | 0.92% |
1.02% | |
0.69% | |
0.54% | |
0.26% | |
0.18% | |
0.09% |
28.9 bn USD of services imported in 2023 | |
43.62% | |
Air transportAir transport | 26.83% |
FreightFreight | 24.62% |
PassengerPassenger | 2.22% |
Sea transportSea transport | 14.86% |
FreightFreight | 12.54% |
OtherOther | 2.33% |
27.11% | |
17.14% | |
Miscellaneous business,...Miscellaneous business, professional, and technical services | 15.59% |
Research and developmentResearch and development | 1.55% |
4.63% | |
3.08% | |
1.28% | |
Postal and courier servicesPostal and courier services | 0.69% |
Telecommunications servicesTelecommunications services | 0.59% |
0.97% | |
Information servicesInformation services | 0.45% |
0.80% | |
0.78% | |
0.50% | |
0.09% |
Source: United Nations Statistics Division, 2024. Because of rounding, the sum of the percentages may be smaller/greater than 100%.
Vols fer algun comentari sobre aquest contingut? Escriu-nos.
© eexpand, Tots els drets reservats.
Actualitzacions: May 2025
Utilitzem cookies per assegurar la teva connexió i fer estadístiques sobre el nombre de visites. Per obtenir més informació sobre les cookies i saber com rebutjar-les, visita la nostra pàgina de política de cookies .
Aquesta finestra emergent et permet definir la teva preferència de cookies i decidir quin tipus de cookies vols permetre al teu dispositiu.